Browsing by Author "Lin, Lin"

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Characterization of Hexavalent Chromium Concentrations in Household Dust in Background Areas: Research Project Summary
(Trenton, N.J. : New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection, Office of Science, 2009-06) Fan, Zhi-Hua (Tina); Shalat, Stuart; Yu, Chang-Ho; Black, Kathy; Lin, Lin; Stern, Alan H.
In order to understand the significance of the low-level ubiquitous occurrence of hexavalent chromium (Cr+6 ) in house dust sampled in the Hudson County Chromium Exposure and Health Study in Jersey City, New Jersey, a study was undertaken to measure Cr+6 in samples of house dust obtained from background locations unrelated to Jersey City. A total of 20 homes was sampled in New Brunswick, New Jersey and surrounding towns. Three samples were collected in each home and analyzed for Cr+6. Total chromium (Cr+6 + Cr+3) was also analyzed in 17% of samples. As in Jersey City, Cr+6 was found to be ubiquitous in house dust samples in the background locations. No significant difference was found between Cr+6 concentrations in Jersey City and the background locations. Evidence suggests that at least some of the Cr+6 in the dust arose from materials inside the houses. Comparison of the correlation of Cr+6 and Cr+3 in Jersey City and the background locations indicates that residual chromate production waste (COPR) in Jersey City was not a major source of the Cr+6 in Jersey City house dust. In addition to household materials, possible sources of Cr+6 in house dust include atmospheric deposition, naturally occurring Cr+6 in soil, and exogenous soil and soil treatments containing Cr+6 contamination. Further research will be needed to identify the sources of Cr+6 in house dust.
Chromium Exposure and Health Effects in Hudson County: Phase I: Research Project Summary
(Trenton, N.J. : New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection, Division of Science, Research and Technology, 2008-12) Lioy, Paul J.; Gochfeld, Michael; Fan, Zhi-hua (Tina); Shalat, Stuart L.; Black, Kathy; Lin, Lin
During much of the twentieth century, Hudson County, and particularly Jersey City, was one of the world centers of chromate production from chromite ore. The slag and waste products from this production referred to as COPR (chromite ore processing residue) was disposed in various locations and given away gratis for fill, berms etc. This resulted in a legacy of approximately 200 COPR waste sites in Hudson County. COPR contains variable amounts of hexavalent chromium (Cr+6) as well as trivalent chromium (Cr+3). Cr+6 is a known human inhalation carcinogen (USEPA, 1998). Recent evidence indicates that it is also an ingestion carcinogen (NTP, 2008). Because of its carcinogenic potential, Cr+6 is the substance of greatest concern in COPR.
Development and Optimization of a Sampling and Analytical Method to Measure Hexavalent Chromium in Ambient Air
(Trenton, N.J. : New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection, 2009-10-07) Fan, Zhihua (Tina); Lin, Lin; Huang, LiHui; Yu, Chang Ho; Buckley, Brian; Bollen, Brad; Bonanno, Linda
The overall goal of this study was to develop a sensitive and reliable method for the measurement of ambient airborne Cr(VI) by systematically evaluating and optimizing the sampling, sample processing and analytical processes. This method can also simultaneously quantify the inter-conversion rates between Cr(VI) and Cr(III) and the recovery rate of Cr(VI).
The Distribution of Chromium Species as a Function of Particle Size for Chromium Waste Laden Soils: Research Project Summary
(Trenton, N.J. : New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection, Division of Science, Research and Technology: Research Project Summary, 2008-11) Lin, Lin; Fan, Zhihua (Tina); Lioy, Paul J.; Stern, Alan H.
Among the remediation criteria applied to COPR in Hudson County, New Jersey are those based on the cancer risk associated with inhalation of Cr+6. For inhalation-based remediation criteria, the acceptable soil concentration is based on the concentration of Cr+6 on the respirable size particles. The default assumption is that the concentration of Cr+6 on those particles is the same as the concentration in the bulk COPR soil material. To examine this assumption COPR soil from 8 locations was separated into size fractions. The concentration of Cr+6, total Cr and Cr+3 was compared in the bulk soil and the individual size fractions including the respirable (<2.5 μm) material. Cr+6 was consistently enriched in the 2.5 μm fraction compared to the bulk COPR soil (mean enrichment = 63.7). In addition, the Cr+6 accounted for a larger percentage of the total Cr as the particle size decreased. In contrast total Cr and Cr+3 did not show a consistent enrichment in the 2.5 μm fraction. There was a strong relationship between Cr+6 concentration in the bulk material and in the 2.5 μm fraction that may allow analysis of Cr+6 in bulk COPR soil to be used as a surrogate analysis of the 2.5 μm fraction.
Urban Community Air Toxics Monitoring Project, Paterson City, NJ
(Trenton, N.J. : Department of Environmental Protection, Office of Science, 2010-02-24) Bonanno, Linda; Bollen, Brad; Boyko, Olga; Carter, Gail; Fan, Zhi-Hua (Tina); Korn, Leo; Lin, Lin; Mayes, Peter; Snyder, Erica; Yu, Chang Ho; Stern, Alan
The overall objectives of the Urban Community Air Toxics Monitoring Project, Paterson City, NJ, (UCAMPP) was to provide information and develop tools and methods so that the NJDEP and communities can better address exposure and risk issues related to air toxics through the characterization of local air associated with different land use patterns in a highly industrialized urban community. Three air monitoring stations were set up on the rooftops of three buildings in Paterson, with the aim of capturing industrial, commercial and mobile source-dominated emissions over the course of one year. The background monitoring site was located ~45 km WSW of Paterson in Chester, NJ. UCAMPP's specific aims were to 1) characterize the spatial resolution of local air toxics; 2) determine concentration gradients; 3) identify source signatures from various land uses; 4) evaluate modeling results using monitoring data; 5) field test new sampling and analytical techniques for air toxics that are currently difficult to quantify; 6) characterize the concerns of an Environmental Justice (EJ) type community; 7) identify risk reduction strategies, and 8) implement feasible strategies. This study will serve as a pilot project and provide valuable information that can be applied to other communities around the state and the nation.