Browsing by Author "Garetano, Gary"

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    Cultural Uses of Mercury in New Jersey – Year 2 Mercury Vapor in Residential Buildings – Comparison of Communities That Use Mercury for Cultural Purposes with a Reference Community: Research Project Summary
    (Trenton, N.J. : New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection, Division of Science, Research and Technology, 2007-09) Stern, Alan H.; Gochfeld, Michael; Garetano, Gary
    The first year of this study compared levels of mercury (Hg) vapor in hallways and common areas of apartment buildings in West New York, New Jersey and Union City, New Jersey to outdoor levels (Garetano et al. 2006). These two communities were chosen based on the prevalence of botanicas that sold Hg for cultural uses (e.g., Santeria and related practices). The results from the first year’s study suggested that levels of mercury in apartment buildings in these areas were significantly elevated above outdoor levels. However, these results could not distinguish between intentional cultural use and unintentional spills from household mercury-containing devices such as thermometers. In the second year of this study, the researchers increased the number of buildings sampled in West New York and Union City (the study communities), and compared the Hg vapor levels in these buildings to levels in a reference community with comparable housing stock, but no evidence of cultural use of Hg. There was no difference between the outdoor Hg levels in the study communities versus the reference community (2.9 vs. 2.3 ng/m3; p=0.20). However, compared with the reference community, public spaces in buildings in the study communities had significantly higher mean Hg levels (9.8 vs. 5.0 ng/m3; p=0.03) and higher average maximum values (13.3 vs. 6.4 ng/m3; p=0.01). Comparison of levels in the reference community to outdoor levels suggests an elevated background of indoor Hg vapor possibly from a history of unintentional Hg spills. However, the significantly increased levels above this background that were observed in the study communities strongly suggest (but do not prove) the prevalence of intentional cultural use of Hg. These findings call attention to the potential for significant exposure in areas with likely cultural use of Hg.
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    Cultural Uses of Mercury in New Jersey: Research Project Summary
    (Trenton, N.J. : New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection, Division of Science, Research and Technology, 2003-05) Stern, Alan H.; Gochfeld, Michael; Riley, Donna; Newby, Alison; Leal, Tomas; Garetano, Gary
    This study has two components: 1. Interviews with practitioners of Santeria and related practices 2. Survey of air mercury levels in buildings located in Hudson County. Twenty-two Santeria “priests” (i.e., Santeros), practitioners and/or botanica owners in Hudson County, NJ, were interviewed to determine their knowledge and use of mercury. Of the 21 interviewed, 17 used mercury in some form. All the interviewees, however, denied recommending or endorsing sprinkling of mercury or recommending that clients use mercury on their own. This, however, does not preclude independent, or more cultural uses of mercury by individuals. While initial indications pointed toward Caribbean and/or AfroCuban mercury-related practices, seven of those using mercury in rituals were from Mexico, Central America, or South America. In addition, anecdotal information from interviewees suggests that informal practices with mercury may specifically be part of Dominican cultural practices. Measurements of mercury concentration in air were obtained in the hallways of 34, and in the entrance vestibules of an additional 33 multi-family apartment buildings in Union City and West New York (Hudson County), NJ, using a highly sensitive Lumex portable mercury analyzer. Comparison buildings in Montclair, NJ, were also analyzed. In Hudson County the maximum building hallway concentration (as a possible indicator of mercury use in apartments) was significantly greater than the mean outdoor concentration in 38% of the surveyed buildings. In two buildings the maximum hallway concentration exceeded the U.S.EPA’s Reference Concentration (RfC) guideline of 300 ng/m3 although levels were significantly decreased on subsequent visits. Elevated hallway levels appear to result from specific apartments. These results suggest higher concentrations of mercury vapor in apartments. These results are consistent with intentional mercury use inside at least some of the buildings surveyed, but may also be consistent with recent data on indoor background levels resulting from historic spills.